What we did:We conducted a controlled experiment to assess the feasibility of using toe movements as an input modality for computer systems, focusing on the influence of five factors on interaction performance.
What we found:We found that toe-based interactions can achieve high accuracy and efficiency, with performance significantly affected by the scaling, toes used, and user posture, particularly favoring sitting positions and all-toe movements.
Takeaway:Our results provide design recommendations for future toe-based interfaces, emphasizing their potential for hands-free, efficient interaction in situations where traditional input methods are impractical.
Abstract
From carrying grocery bags to holding onto handles on the bus, there are a variety of situations where one or both hands are busy, hindering the vision of ubiquitous interaction with technology. Voice commands, as a popular hands-free alternative, struggle with ambient noise and privacy issues. As an alternative approach, research explored movements of various body parts (e.g., head, arms) as input modalities, with foot-based techniques proving particularly suitable for hands-free interaction. Whereas previous research only considered the movement of the foot as a whole, in this work, we argue that our toes offer further degrees of freedom that can be leveraged for interaction. To explore the viability of toe-based interaction, we contribute the results of a controlled experiment with 18 participants assessing the impact of five factors on the accuracy, efficiency and user experience of such interfaces. Based on the findings, we provide design recommendations for future toe-based interfaces.
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